How Can I Use An Lcr Meter To Fully Characterize A Transistor With?

How Can I Use An Lcr Meter To Fully Characterize A Transistor With?

How is a PNP transistor connected in a circuit?(11 April 2021) In fig.1 you have the symbol of a PNP transistor as is usually shown in a schematic. In fig. 2 we add the information that you can extract from this symbol as describes below. 1) The arrow indicates where the emitter of the transistor is. 2) All the currents in a transistor pass by the emitter in the direction shown by the arrow. 3) If the arrow is penetrating the transistor then it is a PNP transistor (look at the mnemonic done with PeNetrating and PNP). If the emitter arrow points outward then you have an NPN transistor. 4) The diode of the PN junction (emitter, base) is pointing in the same direction as the arrow of the emitter. 5) The direction of the arrow also indicates the conventional direction of all the currents going through the transistor. in, if the arrow is pointing in, and out, if the arrow is pointing out. Now I can answer your question about connecting a PNP transistor by giving you some guidelines for doing it. 1) Place your PNP transistor in such a way that it is easy to have all the currents passing through the emitter and in the direction shown by the emitter arrow. In fig.3, we place the emitter on the positive rail, and you must admit that all the currents passes by the emitter and in the direction shown by its arrow. 2) Place your load represented by RL on the collector circuit and a resistor RB to limit the base current, which now completes the polarization of your transistor. 3) In fig. 4 we place the switch to control the transistor by cutting the base current. You have to activate the switch to give power to the load. 4) In fig. 5 we place the switch to control the transistor by shorting its base-emitter junction. This way of connecting the switch allows us to transform a normally open contact to a normally close and vice versa. Here if you push the switch you are shorting the junction emitter-base which stops the current to the load. In fig. 6 and fig. 7 we show an example of how to connect a PNP and an NPN transistor for a linear operation. Here too all the currents go through the emitter in the direction shown by the arrow. In fig. 8 and fig. 9 we have the version with an NPN transistor where we place, for the beginning, the emitter of the transistor on the 0 Volts rail to observe the rule of having all the currents going through the emitter as indicated by the arrow.